According to Clarkson the second form of relationship is the transference/ countertransference, which can be linked to psychodynamic theory. Transference may occur in every relationship, not just in the relationship between the counsellor and the client.
Transference is the client’s emotional response to the counsellor, it’s a process of directing feelings, attitudes and conflicts to the person one has a relationship with in the present. Child-like patterns of relating to significant others are repeated by the client. This operates at unconscious levels. Clients have a tendency to create a repeated replay of situations from the past with significant others, they seem to fit all subsequent relationships into these early relationship patterns. This phenomenon is called repetition compulsion. This repetition provides an opportunity for the counsellor to study transference at close range. By highlighting transference reactions and bringing these outdated or unrealistic responses into consciousness the counsellor can help the client to recognize the “as if” quality of the transference by linking it to a past experience. (“You’re reacting to me as if I were…) The counsellor can help by not repeating the same reaction which the client experienced in the past. The strengths of those negative feelings can diminish by being able to express them in a safe relationship for as long as it is needed. Gaining insight by bringing these feelings into consciousness gives a sense of control over them. However, changing deeply internalised attitudes can be a lengthy process. Many factors can cause transference feelings such as the counsellor’s voice, accent, physical characteristics or behaviour.
Transference can be positive or negative. The client may perceive the counsellor as helpful and understanding, this way the client can relive the parent-child relationship he/she might have never had. (like a reparenting process) Other positive feelings transferred can be: loving, admiration or even idealising.
On the other hand, the client can transfer negative feelings onto the counsellor, such as reluctance, distrust or suspicion. It can also be a valuable opportunity for the counsellor to work with this obstructive transference by not adapting the role the client casts on him/her but by exploring the underlying issues instead. Attending to transference appropriately is crucial because it’s like a mirror in which the client’s past is reflected, it provides information about the emotional problems the client is experiencing. It can help to gain a deeper understanding of the problem.
The Triangle of Insight can be a useful tool to explore the client’s transferential experiences. It’s a psychodynamic concept, which was developed by Karl Menninger. According to this concept, how the client perceives the relationship with the counsellor in the here and now (“In Here”) is affected by the client’s earlier relationships with significant others from the past. (“Back Then”) The client’s current or recent past relationships with others are also affected. (“Out There”) These three aspects are interrelated. The counsellor can help the client to make connections between the different aspects by working with transference and gain insight of repetitive patterns.
Counsellors can also have inappropriate strong feelings that are evoked by the clients. Some of these might be evoked by the actual relationship with the client, others might belong to the counsellor’s earlier experiences with others, unresolved issues or own difficulties; and can distort view. Petruska described it as “unfinished business from the past interfering with our here and now relationship”. In other words: The experience of distortion of the working alliance by the wishes, fears and experiences from the past transferred onto the therapeutic relationship. However, it can be very challenging to differentiate between the two. If the counsellor can identify counter-transferential feelings he/she should contain them and not act on them.
Supervision has a crucial role in working through these unresolved issues or blind spots and also separating the client’s needs from the counsellor’s own needs. The counsellor’s self-awareness has great importance. Counter-transferential feelings or reactions include: inability to confront the client, being over-protective, envious, sexual attraction towards the client etc.
A kind of counter-transference occurs when the counsellor overidentifies with the client’s problem, for example one can get angry with the perpetrator when counselling a victim of sexual abuse, this is called vicarious identification. Clients can also project unacceptable aspects of self or feelings that can’t be expressed. This way the counsellor feels these as a recipient, this concept is called projective identification. The counsellor might experience extreme tiredness or think about the client outside sessions. Attending to counter-transference appropriately is important because this way we can provide autonomy to the client, keep the focus on the client’s agenda and also put our own agenda aside.
By working through transference the next level can be reached: the I-thou relationship when the transference is dissolved and the client sees the therapist as a genuine, congruent person. (not distorted)
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